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JABEZ LESSONS

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Lesson 1 HUMAN BODY
Lesson 2 GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Lesson 3 WHAT IS PHYSICS
Lesson 4 TBA
Lesson 5 TBA
Lesson 6 TBA
Lesson 7 TBA
Lesson 8 TBA
Lesson 9 TBA
Lesson 10 TBA
 

Lesson 1 HUMAN BODY

INTERACTIVE HUMAN BODY

BRAIN

HEART

LUNGS

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

SKIN
 

Lesson 2 General chemistry

PERIODIC  TABLE

 see this  SPECIAL periodIC TABLE PICTURE

MIXTURE & COMPOUNDS   

SCIENCE MATTERS:
COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

Science “Matters”: Compounds and Mixtures

 

Have you ever mixed two things together, just to see what would happen? Did you ever wish that you hadn’t done what you did? Were you able to separate them back into the two things that you started with? Sometimes when you mix things together you can go back to the things that you started with. If you mixed potato chips and gummy worms together, you could always pick the gummy worms out of the potato chips if you didn’t like the two of them together. Sometimes, though, something happens when you mix two things together. You make something new. You can’t go back to what you started with.

 

Matter is an interesting thing. It is something that can change. It can change into a different phase—from solid to liquid or liquid to gas. It can change size and shape. Matter can even change its composition. Matter can be combined with other kinds of matter. What happens when matter is combined?

 

Sometimes when matter is combined, a mixture is formed. A mixture is two or more elements or compounds that are combined in a way that do not form chemical bonds. Mixtures do not have an exact composition. The mixture does not create a new substance. A mixture can be separated into its original pieces. One example of a mixture is concrete. Concrete is made from sand, rock and water, but the concrete in your driveway is not exactly the same as the concrete at the sidewalk in front of school.

 

There are two words that are used to describe mixtures: homogeneous and heterogeneous. The prefix homo-means “same”. The prefix hetero-means “different”. A homogeneous mixture is one that is the same throughout the mixture. An example of a homogeneous mixture is salt water. If you dissolve salt into a cup of water, then pour the mixture into four cups, the salt water will be the same in all four cups. A heterogeneous mixture is one that is different throughout the mixture. For example, if you mixed chocolate chips and walnuts together and poured the mixture into four cups, every cup would be different. One cup might have seven chocolate chips and four walnuts. Another cup might have five chocolate chips and six walnuts. Another cup might contain only chocolate chips or only walnuts.

 

There are three different kinds of mixtures: solutions, suspensions, and colloids. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures. A solution is one type of matter dissolved in a liquid or gas. A solution can be made by dissolving salt or sugar in water. Another example of a solution is water dissolved in air.

 

Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures. The different pieces can be mixed together, but they will eventually settle out. An example of a suspension is oil and vinegar. They can be mixed together by shaking the two together. After a short amount of time, the oil will separate from the vinegar and rise to the top.

 

Colloids are mixtures that are similar to both solutions and suspensions. Colloids will not separate, but the particles are visible in the mixture. In a colloid, the particles can be seen when a light is shown onto the mixture. Whipped cream is a colloid of air in cream. Smoke is a colloid formed when ash is mixed in air. The milk that we buy in the grocery store is also a colloid formed by combining milk and butterfat.

 

Sometimes when matter is combined, something special happens. A compound is formed. You have already learned that a compound is a molecule made from two or more atoms. When the atoms join together, they form a chemical bond. A new substance is made. All compounds are homogeneous. Compounds have an exact composition that never changes. For example, water is only made by combining two hydrogen atoms with one oxygen atom. Every molecule of water is the same.

 

A compound does not have the same properties as the matter that formed it. The compound is a new substance with new properties. Water is a liquid and is created by combining two gases, hydrogen and oxygen. Sodium is an explosive solid and chlorine is a poisonous gas. When the two combine, they form a compound, salt, that is safe enough for us to use every day to season our food.

 

states of matter

 

 

Lesson 3  WHAT IS PHYSICS

Physics (Greek: physis – φύσις meaning "nature") is a natural science; it is the study of matter and its motion through spacetime and all that derives from these, such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the world and universe behave. Physics is both significant and influential, in part because advances in its understanding have often translated into new technologies, but also because new ideas in physics often resonate with the other sciences, mathematics and philosophy.

For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society (e.g., television, computers, and domestic appliances); advances in thermodynamics led to the development of motorized transport; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.

Physics covers a wide range of phenomena, from the smallest sub-atomic particles (protons, neutrons and electrons), to the largest galaxies. Included in this are the very most basic objects from which all other things are composed, and therefore physics is sometimes said to be the "fundamental science".

Physics aims to describe the various phenomena that occur in nature in terms of simpler phenomena. Thus, physics aims to both connect the things we see around us to root causes, and then to try to connect these causes together in the hope of finding an ultimate reason for why nature is as it is.

For example, the ancient Chinese observed that certain rocks (lodestone) were attracted to one another by some invisible force. This effect was later called magnetism, and was first rigorously studied in the 17th century.

A little earlier than the Chinese, the ancient Greeks knew of other objects such as amber, that when rubbed with fur would cause a similar invisible attraction between the two. This was also first studied rigorously in the 17th century, and came to be called electricity.

Thus, physics had come to understand two observations of nature in terms of some root cause (electricity and magnetism). However, further work in the 19th century revealed that these two forces were just two different aspects of one force – electromagnetism. This process of "unifying" forces continues today (see section Current research for more information).

Physics uses the scientific method to test the validity of a physical theory, using a methodical approach to compare the implications of the theory in question with the associated conclusions drawn from experiments and observations conducted to test it. Experiments and observations are to be collected and matched with the predictions and hypotheses made by a theory, thus aiding in the determination or the validity/invalidity of the theory.

Theories which are very well supported by data and have never failed any competent empirical test are often called scientific laws, or natural laws. Of course, all theories, including those called scientific laws, can always be replaced by more accurate, generalized statements if a disagreement of theory with observed data is ever found.

Condensed matter physics

Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the "condensed" phases that appear whenever the number of constituents in a system is extremely large and the interactions between the constituents are strong.The most familiar examples of condensed phases are solids and liquids, which arise from the bonding and electromagnetic force between atoms. More exotic condensed phases include the superfluid and the Bose-Einstein condensate found in certain atomic systems at very low temperature, the superconducting phase exhibited by conduction electrons in certain materials, and the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices.

Condensed matter physics is by far the largest field of contemporary physics. Historically, condensed matter physics grew out of solid-state physics, which is now considered one of its main subfields. The term condensed matter physics was apparently coined by Philip Anderson when he renamed his research group — previously solid-state theory — in 1967.
In 1978, the Division of Solid State Physics at the American Physical Society was renamed as the Division of Condensed Matter Physics.[21] Condensed matter physics has a large overlap with chemistry, materials science, nanotechnology and engineering.

Atomic, molecular, and optical physics

Atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter-matter and light-matter interactions on the scale of single atoms or structures containing a few atoms. The three areas are grouped together because of their interrelationships, the similarity of methods used, and the commonality of the energy scales that are relevant. All three areas include both classical and quantum treatments; they can treat their subject from a microscopic view (in contrast to a macroscopic view).

Atomic physics studies the electron shells of atoms. Current research focuses on activities in quantum control, cooling and trapping of atoms and ions, low-temperature collision dynamics, the collective behavior of atoms in weakly interacting gases (Bose-Einstein Condensates and dilute Fermi degenerate systems), precision measurements of fundamental constants, and the effects of electron correlation on structure and dynamics. Atomic physics is influenced by the nucleus (see, e.g., hyperfine splitting), but intra-nuclear phenomenon such as fission and fusion are considered part of high energy physics.
Molecular physics focuses on multi-atomic structures and their internal and external interactions with matter and light. Optical physics is distinct from optics in that it tends to focus not on the control of classical light fields by macroscopic objects, but on the fundamental properties of optical fields and their interactions with matter in the microscopic realm.

High energy/particle physics

Particle physics is the study of the elementary constituents of matter and energy, and the interactions between them. It may also be called "high energy physics", because many elementary particles do not occur naturally, but are created only during high energy collisions of other particles, as can be detected in particle accelerators.
Currently, the interactions of elementary particles are described by the Standard Model. The model accounts for the 12 known particles of matter that interact via the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces. Dynamics are described in terms of matter particles exchanging messenger particles that carry the forces. These messenger particles are known as gluons; W− and W+ and Z bosons; and the photons, respectively. The Standard Model also predicts a particle known as the Higgs boson, the existence of which has not yet been verified.

Astrophysics

Astrophysics and astronomy are the application of the theories and methods of physics to the study of stellar structure, stellar evolution, the origin of the solar system, and related problems of cosmology. Because astrophysics is a broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.

The discovery by Karl Jansky in 1931 that radio signals were emitted by celestial bodies initiated the science of radio astronomy. Most recently, the frontiers of astronomy have been expanded by space exploration. Perturbations and interference from the earth’s atmosphere make space-based observations necessary for infrared, ultraviolet, gamma-ray, and X-ray astronomy.

Physical cosmology is the study of the formation and evolution of the universe on its largest scales. Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity plays a central role in all modern cosmological theories. In the early 20th century, Hubble's discovery that the universe was expanding, as shown by the Hubble diagram, prompted rival explanations known as the steady state universe and the Big Bang.

The Big Bang was confirmed by the success of Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1964. The Big Bang model rests on two theoretical pillars: Albert Einstein's general relativity and the cosmological principle. Cosmologists have recently established a precise model of the evolution of the universe, which includes cosmic inflation, dark energy and dark matter.

Fundamental physics - The basic domains of physics

While physics aims to discover universal laws, its theories lie in explicit domains of applicability. Loosely speaking, the laws of classical physics accurately describe systems whose important length scales are greater than the atomic scale and whose motions are much slower than the speed of light. Outside of this domain, observations do not match their predictions. Albert Einstein contributed the framework of special relativity, which replaced notions of absolute time and space with spacetime and allowed an accurate description of systems whose components have speeds approaching the speed of light. Max Planck, Erwin Schrödinger, and others introduced quantum mechanics, a probabilistic notion of particles and interactions that allowed an accurate description of atomic and subatomic scales. Later, quantum field theory unified quantum mechanics and special relativity. General relativity allowed for a dynamical, curved spacetime, with which highly massive systems and the large-scale structure of the universe can be well described. General relativity has not yet been unified with the other fundamental descriptions.
 

 

 

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